Ma Assignment free essay sample

For what reason may money related data alone be inadequate for the continuous enlightening needs of administrators/laborers, chiefs and officials? Money related information’s are the estimation of the viability and proficiency of operator’s activities, and it’s essentially for the utilization of outside clients. Anyway budgetary data didn't mirror the non-money related data, for example, exhibitions of laborers and so forth. Be that as it may, administrators need direct estimation on factors of yields and sources of info assets so they can control the nature of their work. The factors incorporate time necessity important procedure to deliver the yield. Subsequently it is significant for the administrators to upgrade their quality, profitability, and time spending on their undertaking. As a short finishing up, administrators needs estimations of execution to accomplish better proficiency and adequacy of their current tasks, which budgetary data didn't gives. For supervisors, money related data alone is deficient for choice makings since it can't helps with controlling and coordinating the operational exercises of the firm assembling process. We will compose a custom paper test on Mama Assignment or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Controlling and preparing the operational exercises will guarantee the since a long time ago run and productivity of a firm. Likewise, planning and arranging crafted by a firm will inspire the administrators to coordinate their subordinates for development of assignment. The supervisor of a firm should guarantee the fitting utilization of its asset. As opposed to money related data, the supervisor of an element additionally need basically looking forward data dependent on reflection to help their makings of choices.. It is to guarantee that the asset of the organization is completely used, and decrease the wastage to least level. These days, rivalry among ventures has arrived at a serious stage, it’s urgent for director to settle on powerful choices to endure the opposition. With respect to administrators, non budgetary data, for example, showcase data is significant for maintenance or securing of speculation and offers. In other manner, client input on firm execution is likewise a staying point for choices making. Consumer loyalty mirrors the nature of the firm administrations and items. Official could likewise redo their yield to arrive at increase in consumer loyalty. An official should be delicate to the firm working data, for example, representative ethical quality, wellbeing and practicality of key business gives to prevail in their vital proposition and the effectiveness of inner activities. ( B ). Portray the contrasts between the administration bookkeeping data required in assembling associations and that are required in administration associations? Ordinarily, there are slight contrast between the administration data required in assembling association and administration association. Exact cost data is required in both association in dynamic for recognizing beneficial and unfruitful exercises what's more, the necessary data for arranging, control, execution estimation and persistent improvement. The distinction in data needs are arranging, that is an exceptionally fundamental apparatus in each assembling firm and these data helps the firm to make money saving advantage investigation of every other option and the choice taken though administration association need those data while discussing straightforwardly with client Manufacturing association will accumulate and dissect information in their business amount, benefit addition, and cost of creation before assembling another item anyway administration association center around singular assistance such like after-deal administration. Additionally, producing association are base on process costing however administration association are base on work request costing. Result of assembling association are homogeneous however the result of administration association are base on customer‘s request. Besides, administration association required administration data, for example, client criticism, study taking, objection and pass on these data to assembling association ,this assistance them in progress of value and amount of item. Assembling association needs inventories the executives data since it requires inventories keeping, anyway doesn't accentuate on inventories keeping since it mostly produce administration which is the fundamental item. Another perspective, administration association for the most part comprise of work while assembling may just need apparatus managing or work for other reason. As an end, it is very evident that the assembling cost which is additionally call creation cost in more extensive terms, are losing pertinence when contrasting with administration organization to a conventional assembling organization. ( C ) Consider the activity of an inexpensive food organization while many retail outlets dispersed about the nation. Distinguish the administration bookkeeping data required for the followings. ( I ) The director of a nearby cheap food outlets that gets ready food and serves it to client who stroll in and get it at a drive-through window. The administrator of a neighborhood inexpensive food outlets that plans food and serves its to client who stroll in and get it at a drive-through window will require the data of the accompanying, for example, quality control of food served, the time taken to get ready and serve the client, tidiness of the outlet and workers demeanor and ethical quality. These are significant components as the organization will be slandered. Additionally, the chief of the outlet should know the normal working costs and incomes, the accessibility of stock, food or material rejected and client stream of that specific territory. Also, the director must know about consumer loyalty toward the outlet items and administrations so as to improve the outlet similarity later on. ( ii ) The local chief who oversees the tasks of all the retail outlets in a three-state area. The local administrator should know the working report of specific outlets comprising absolute incomes, complete working cost, all out material cost, all out items being sold. This supervisor should know the benefit of every outlets and normal client served. The chief should do study on outlets upon their nature of administrations and items. Once in a while, the supervisor would send examiner to different outlets to report neatness and nature of food serve and administration gave. Likewise, it is essential for the chief to control the nature of every outlets. ( iii ) Senior administration situated at the company’s corporate base camp. Consider explicitly the data needs of the president just as the VP of activities and advertising. The VP of tasks will probably wish to see the report income and costs and measurement of effectiveness and efficiency of every outlet. This specific administrator will likewise required to know the report of tidiness, administrations and client input. The VP of the showcasing office should realize the requesting pace of every item, client stream of every outlets, normal incomes and costs of every item and administration. Moreover, data on rivals in applicable ventures would be alluring so as to contend and endure the unforgiving contend. With respect to the leader of both promoting and working office, they would require the income and costs synopsis get by the VP, also that normal report on different outlet about their working outcomes and issues and the stock turn. With this data, the president could settle on the most exact choices to help improve the outlets execution and productivity.

Did Korea Succeeded in the Three Invasions from 108 B.C. to 1231 A.D. Free Essays

Korea is deliberately situated among its partners and foes, and it is a dismal destiny that this country not just attacked and butchered was even isolated in two. Two siblings believeth in truth yet see these standards in an unexpected way. One has a place with the other, as though in the film Predator when it was said that: â€Å"The foe of your foe is likewise your friend†. We will compose a custom article test on Did Korea Succeeded in the Three Invasions from 108 B.C. to 1231 A.D.? or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now The ROK was framed in the North and The South turned into a Republic (Readings). To put it plainly, in spite of the harmony being delighted in by its populace; â€Å"factions remained due to bunches being framed, for example, Communist versus Industrialist, master China vs.pro-Soviet, Conservatives versus Nonconformists because of cold war governmental issues and interior divisions among themselves (Readings). † The decrease of the Han tradition (the standard of the Chinese) began the beginnings of three opponent realms, the Koguryo on the upper east of China, the Paekche on the southwest, and Shilla on the Southeast (Readings). Regardless of unification moves was endeavored in its whole history, the northern part or the Nangnang (Lolang) stayed a communist and the southern part law based was a final product of the unification of Paekche and Shilla to which better referred to the present reality as Seoul. After the Hans the Mongols came, during those intrusions the Koreans endured so significantly that they even accounted this period with the Mongols to the Japanese time frame the Dark Age in their history. Koreans in the long history of groups among themselves held its way of life, language, and confidence. Be that as it may, these are similar individuals who have a receptive outlook that had the option to grasp other conviction like the Catholic Religion and balanced genially with the cutting edge culture. They are individuals who have endure such a large number of wars, which transformed its urban communities into destruction and neediness however had the option to hold its own uniqueness in spite of such a significant number of outside attacks. The Koreans, in their own privileges prevailing as they continued looking for their own convictions and opportunity since they were hard survivors as well as on the grounds that they have been talented with valiant people, from which is the posterity of a decent stock their inceptions are made of. The accomplishment in country building can't be seen for the time being, it needs to went through the trial of time simply like producing gold from a pieces of different metals. This could have most likely occurred throughout the entire existence of Korea which was plainly observed during the hour of Yi Dynasty until the hour of King Sae Jong through the hour of General Yi to Admiral Yi, and Yu Kwan-soon (Association). In any case, Koreans disappointment may not be found as far as its monetary position today since it is viewed as one of the four mythical beasts of the Southeast Asian economy however for the explanation that they are separated in two. The division might be called fortune most likely for the explanation that it is to make an equalization of which a few has just anticipated, that the north will be the essential point to which will decide the security of East Asia and north Pacific Rim. The South nonetheless, have appeared to the world that it has recuperated so quick, that it turned into a pioneer on monetary recuperation following a time of emergencies that was experienced by the remainder of other Asian district. Succeeding isn't simply to be seen in monetary insights and combat hardware, yet more so on how its kin as a nation have endure. In spite of the fact that these two kin may have isolated, history or fate may have reasons why it is so. Independently in each field both have succeeded, yet just until they have guaranteed that another intrusion would not follow and concerning the occasion, trusting they will no longer continue rehashing their history. Since 1953, all threats finished (Readings). Ideally that the truce will genuinely be the finish all things considered, and may these neighboring countries in the long run discovered that quality isn't found in brutality yet on solid hearts that is happy to experience changes and pardoning. The most effective method to refer to Did Korea Succeeded in the Three Invasions from 108 B.C. to 1231 A.D.?, Papers

Economic Development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Monetary Development - Research Paper Example Anyway few out of every odd arrangement creators and academicians have a similar feeling with respect to the commitment of the association in the accomplishment of financial turn of events. Along these lines this paper points in considering the connection between the financial turn of events and monetary strength of a country and the commitment of the IMF in accomplishing so. Which means of monetary advancement Economic improvement of a nation implies the way toward expanding the per capita pay just according to capita yield of a country joined by the expansion in the general profitability and upgrades in the methods of creation that will at last outcome in the increment in the prosperity of the general society. There is extensive distinction between financial development and monetary advancement of a country however now and again they are utilized equivalently. Development of the economy of a nation must go before just as brief the financial advancement of a specific country. Thusly it very well may be said that monetary development joined by the basic change of a country brings about the financial improvement of the general country. In this way for the general financial improvement of a country, development of the country’s economy is the essential condition and the basic change frames the state of adequacy. ... These components in basic words separate development of an economy from the general improvement of the equivalent. Along these lines for an appropriate meaning of financial advancement it very well may be said that the auxiliary, institutional and the subjective changes that are required in a culture for extending the ability and the capability of the equivalent in the correct use of the panic monetary assets of the nation is reflected in the monetary improvement of the nation. The basic change if an economy infer the general development of the Gross Domestic Product of an economy contributed by the profitable increment of the essential , the optional and the tertiary area of the economy and the overall commitment of every segment in the country’s complete GDP. In addition the level of receptiveness of an economy and the country’s reliance on remote exchange likewise includes the monetary structure of the nation. In this way for improvement of an economy there is the pr erequisite of a positive change in every one of these factors with a drawn out effect on the economy that is major. These adjustments in the structure of the economy needs changing, all the more explicitly improving the destitution level of the nation for the accomplishment of financial turn of events. If there should arise an occurrence of monetary advancement the expansion in the financial prosperity of a person just as the general public all in all gets reflected in the adjustments in the day to day environments of the general public individuals with improved nourishment, improved wellbeing, improved lodging offices alongside improvement in the instruction structure of the general public that will affect on a general upliftment of the general public with kinds of city.

Prostitution as a Source of Power and Independence - Literature Essay Samples

In her essay â€Å"From the Women’s Prison: Third World Women’s Narratives of Prison,† Barbara Harlow argues that the solidarity that transcends race, gender, class, and other social categories is a vital component in the fight against oppressive forces. She also claims that Firdaus’s affiliation with the psychiatrist in Nawal El Saadawi’s novel Woman at Point Zero ultimately allows Firdaus to share her story and become part of the collective struggle against â€Å"the authoritarian political structures and patriarchal hierarchies of Egyptian society† (Harlow, 512). However, throughout the novel, Firdaus continually turns to prostitution as a way of life, and it’s her decision to become a prostitute that poses the question as to whether or not Firdaus can truly defy the social order of her society. For example, Harlow argues that Firdaus objectifies her body and sells it in a way that places her in a role subordinate to men. On the con trary, one may argue that as a prostitute, Firdaus gains more power and independence than other women in her society. Ultimately, Firdaus does obtain some degree of power and independence by proving to herself that she â€Å"owns† her own body and that she is the one who determines her own destiny. Therefore, Woman at Point Zero challenges â€Å"the social order which has assigned women to a subordinate position under the control of her male partners† (Harlow, 512) in that Firdaus controls the ways in which she utilizes her body as a prostitute to gain power and independence.The first time Firdaus becomes aware of her own power is when Sharifa introduces her to prostitution. Sharifa is the one who, through the skillful application of cosmetics, helps Firdaus to see her inner beauty and strength. Firdaus claims that Sharifa opens her eyes to unseen features of her face and body, making her more aware and understanding of them. And it’s with Sharifa’s help that Firdaus discovers that she has â€Å"black eyes with a sparkle that attract other eyes like a magnet† (Saadawi, 58). Beauty for Firdaus is one way she is able control her own body. For example, a man does not determine how Firdaus’s hair will be styled, what clothes she will wear, or how her make-up will be applied. Rather, it’s Firdaus herself who determines her appearance. Therefore, Firdaus uses her beauty as a way to lure and tease the men in her society. And while staying with Sharifa, Firdaus learns that she is the one who determines her own value. Instead of seeing her nose as big and round, Firdaus begins to see it with the â€Å"fullness of a strong passion that can turn to lust† (Saadawi, 58). She begins to embrace her appearance, which in return, raises her self-confidence, something she once lacked in childhood. By embracing her beauty and increasing her self-confidence, Firdaus is able to gain power and control, thus challenging the clai m that men are in control of women. Although Firdaus learns to appreciate her beauty under the guidance of Sharifa, Firdaus decides to leave because she realizes that she needs to make her own money if she wants to obtain her own power and independence. And it’s not long after leaving Sharifa that Firdaus sleeps with a man who gives her a ten-pound note. This is the first time that Firdaus realizes that in order to obtain power, independence, and respect, she must acquire a lot of money. When Firdaus goes to the restaurant and gives the waiter the ten-pound note, she is treated with respect, and she realizes it’s the first time in her life that she eats â€Å"without being watched by two eyes gazing into [her] plate to see how much food [she] took† (Saadawi, 71). The waiter even bows over the table with a movement of â€Å"respectful humility† (Saadawi, 71) as he collects Firdaus’s money. This shows Firdaus’s control over him, which in retu rn gives her a feeling of power and superiority that she has never felt before. The encounter with the waiter also helps Firdaus to understand how she can utilize her body in such a way that will allow her to acquire enough money to live independently. Firdaus’s apparent control also supports the claim that Woman at Point Zero challenges the social order that traditionally places men above women.After leaving the restaurant, Firdaus begins to believe in herself: she ceases to bend her head down or to look away. Instead, she walks the streets with her head held high and her eyes looking straight ahead. She even exclaims, â€Å"My footsteps struck the ground with force, with a new elation† (Saadawi, 73). As men pass her on the streets, Firdaus utilizes her control by declining the men’s invitations. She repeatedly mutters no, which puzzles them. One such male persistently asks Firdaus, â€Å"Well, why not?† and Firdaus confidently responds: â€Å"Because t here are plenty of men and I want to choose with whom to go† (Saadawi, 73). As an independent prostitute, Firdaus begins to choose which men she will and will not sleep with. She also decides on the food she eats and the house she lives in. Because of this, Firdaus begins to believe in her own independence. In prostitution, Firdaus’s body becomes her own, to do with as she wishes. Firdaus even has free time to go to the movies and read books. She utilizes her free will, which once again challenges the statement that men are in control of women.Despite Firdaus’s accomplishments as an independent prostitute, her power is challenged when her friend Di’aa declares that Firdaus is not a â€Å"respectable woman† (Saadawi, 76). However, because Firdaus is so determined to be a respectable woman, she decides to look for work in an office instead of the streets. Firdaus gets a job but then she realizes that the men at the office think they can take advantage of her by raising her salary. Firdaus despises them for thinking such a thing, saying â€Å"the price of my body is much higher than the price that can be paid for it with a pay rise† (Saadawi, 81). She believes that as a prostitute she had been looked upon with much more respect and been valued higher than all of the female employees. Firdaus claims that she â€Å"feels sorry for the other girls who are guileless enough to offer their bodies and physical efforts every night in return for a meal, or a good yearly report† (Saadawi, 82). Unlike these women, Firdaus doesn’t let the men break her pride. For example, none of the officials are able to make Firdaus bow her head or lower her eyes to the ground. Although Firdaus is able to remain in control as an office worker, she decides that prostitution might be a surer path to dignity and self-determination than the â€Å"respectable† life of an office assistant.Upon quitting her job, Firdaus returns to the life of an independent prostitute, where she continues to challenge the social order by acquiring even more power than she had before. She is soon paid the highest price, becoming so successful that she obtains the power to employ any servant to wash her clothes or clean her shoes. Firdaus even donates money to a charity and gets her picture printed in the newspaper, which says that she is a â€Å"citizen with a sense of civic responsibility† (Saadawi, 100). By utilizing her body as a prostitute again, Firdaus convinces herself that she has chosen prostitution with her own free will. She claims, â€Å"my insistence on remaining a prostitute proved to me this was my choice and that I had some freedom, at least the freedom to live in a situation better than that of other women† (Saadawi, 97). Firdaus further believes that having to be a wife is much worse than being a prostitute, for marriage in Firdaus’s eyes is the â€Å"cruelest suffering for women† (Saa dawi, 96). As a wife, Firdaus had to passively watch her husband make choices, beat her incessantly, and force her to have sex with him. But as a prostitute, she is free to do what she wants. Firdaus experiences the rare pleasure of being â€Å"completely independent, of enjoying freedom from any subjection to a man, to marriage, or to love; of being divorced from all limitations† (Saadawi, 95). This power and independence that Firdaus achieves proves that the novel challenges the social order that places women in a subordinate position.As mentioned above, Firdaus prefers prostitution to marriage as a way of life, for as a successful prostitute she is independent and self-supporting, free to choose the men with whom she will associate. Firdaus therefore utilizes her body as a prostitute to gain power and independence. And it’s this power and success that gives Firdaus the confidence to defy the social code and murder the pimp. Even though Firdaus is condemned to prison to die, she becomes part of a collective struggle against oppression when she agrees to share her story with El Saadawi. Ultimately, â€Å"Firdaus’s personal story ends with her execution, but the narrative of her life becomes part of a historical agenda† (Harlow, 512). In the end, it’s clear that Woman at Point Zero challenges the social code that places women in a position subordinate to men.

The business ethics in organisations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4778 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION This essay is based on business ethics, but generally ethics is a very broad and complicated topic on its own therefore the writer will address on how an organisation carries out is ethical issues and how they are managed. The essay attempts to analyse why business ethics is important, how an organisation evolves around ethics. Business ethics roots have been analysed to give an overview of the different schools of thought that have been developed by various thinkers which are used in present to analyse the goodness or evilness of a business act or decision. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The business ethics in organisations" essay for you Create order This essay tries to look into various ethical aspects that govern the decisions that are made by various organizations in their daily operations. How much importance different businesses should give to various stakeholders like the shareholders, the society and the employees and the sad truth of the number of unethical actions that many businesses perform to gain more profits and more market share The field of Business Ethics is comprised of several definitions by different scholars and authors over the decades and all have a different way to define it. More than 100 business people were interviewed by Raymond Bauhart on what ethics meant to them 50 percent defined as what my feelings tell me is right , 25 percent defined in terms religion in accord with my religious beliefs and 18 percent defines it in terms of what conforms to the golden rule (Velasquez, M. G. 2006, p.7 ) whereas, according to author Svensson Goran and Wood Grey (2006), business ethics is a function of time a nd culture, this basically means that time/culture will determine what ethics will be acceptable or unacceptable due to the changes in business environment. According to Velasquez M. G (2006:13) it is the study of moral standards and how these apply to the systems and organisations through which modern societies produce and distribute goods and services. (Robin .D, 2006) or Business ethics is also the branch of ethics which determines the actions and decision by businesses ( corporate and any firm who is in the field of making profits) and how it affects the lives of its stakeholders who are the general public, the shareholders, competitors, employees and the government. Most businesses think that business ethics are determined by the values in its society. It is true that businesses are there for providing goods and services for the public in order to make profits but the question is: What do they do in order to make profits and not harm the society? Today business values are changing, information is readily available through media about the actions and to keep businesses running, they have to take care of all the stakeholders. These trends are what has made firms implement business ethics in their strategies so as to keep customer loyalty and stay within the frameworks of acceptable norms of the society. Actions which are just for the creation of the privileged few at the expense of the many stakeholders is discouraged in the modern societies but there still exists many firms which maximize profits but still follow strict values of business ethics. A popular example is the US $24 billion Johnson and Johnson company led by the chairman and C.E.O Ralph Larsen. The company is known for its valued commitment to ethics, customers, employees, and communities. The secret of doing profit making business is to follow the needs of all stakeholders and provide goods and services of value to the public and manage the operations in a way which does not har m any stakeholder. Why Business Ethics? Business ethics enables firms who want to be good and gives them knowledge and how to be good. Moral and ethical challenges are part of peoples daily life but in business its important on how they handle such challenges. Business ethics enables leaders to have good criteria on making decisions which are in favour of most stakeholders and not just for the few. The main role of any manager in any organisation is to ensure that their firms live up to the required legal and ethical standards. It enables businesses to take care of stakeholder interests while running the firm. Doing business in an ethical manner enables earning of fair profits by providing useful and beneficial products and services and at the same time improving the lives of people in a competitive environment, but profits are only good if they are obtained in the right manner and if man keeps the right attitude towards them. It also involves being able to run a profitable enterprise while being considerate and while ta king care of the morals and attitudes of the employees. To avoid other players to either quit or demand high risk premium business players need to act ethically to build trust among those players. Above average profit making firms who use unethical methods to do this do not last long before they get exposed to the law and general public and all the returns they may have made unethically vanishes in few moments. (Hooker, John 2003) Origin of Business Ethics Business ethics is a branch of the general ethics and philosophies which have been developed for many years. Business ethics has been mostly written about and thought after firms started entering into commercial business independent of communism system. The stakeholder Theory explains clearly what the roles of the management are and what they should do so as not to create conflict among each other. Kant theory makes it clear that needs of all stakeholders should be met at certain levels according to the efforts, resource and time that has brought a benefit to the company and in case there is a loss, all the related parties who otherwise would have benefited should be penalised. The stakeholders should be given a right to be part of the firm and influence in the decisions of the firm if the firm is to go ahead and become bigger and more productive. There are more theories which will be explained as we progress further into the details of each. Example: Utilitarian and Ma rxism theories. (George D. and John H. 1993, p.255) Is Business Ethics a Contradiction? The answer to this question is yes it is very contradicting because what may be good to one person would be completely unethical to the other reasons could be because of different culture, norms or beliefs that they have. Some of the contradicting examples that may arise are: When an employee is working with a lot of zeal and confidence and producing the best sales result but continuous to be abusive even after several warnings so should the organisation just remove him or her and lose one of its best sales people? It would be difficult for one to decide on what is acceptable and unacceptable. (Holme, Charles, 2008) It has been said that business ethics is just about doing good however this is not true when a conflict arises between supplier of raw materials and customer on when they should be paid. Is it to the benefit of the suppliers, Customers or both? And a bad decision can be taken by good people when they are in stress or dilemma and this can affect the business in the long run. (Holme, Charles, 2008). An organisation might increase the prices of goods and services due to increase in prices, inflation, economic recession or due to factors affecting demand and supply. It is necessary for the firm to increase the price per unit for it to meet its production cost therefore, according to the business it is ethical but to the society it may be unethical due to the rise in prices. Similarly, in order to cut down on operational costs a company may lay off its employees; this would be ethical to the organisation but unethical to its employees. Advantages of business Ethics in organisations One way of bringing ethics into business is by ensuring that ethical standards are maintained in the process of making profit this enables the organisation to achieve a common goal. Examples of companies who were in compliance with good ethics while maintaining a profitable operation are: Intel, Hewlett Packard, Procter Gamble, and Starbucks Coffee. (Velasquez, M. G. 2006, p.38) The ways a manager takes care of its employees in terms of paying a good wage rate, keeping the staffed informed of the day to day work activities, involving employees in decision making taking them into consideration. This way the workers will be producing to the highest levels of production due to good working conditions and friendly working conditions and in return would lead to motivation and therefore creating a good employer-employee relation. These management behaviours can make a difference between employee satisfaction and frustration. (Holme, Charles, 2008) Perception is a reality. Reputati on is the image of any organisation, which is the factor that helps the investor to decide whether to invest in a company or not. Therefore image of any organisation can only be sustained through development of ethical values such as not polluting the environment, paying above the minimum wage or by conserving the environment by reducing the usage of non- environmental friendly products like plastic bags. (Holme, Charles, 2008) Businesses that practise ethics help them build trust within the society that they are working in. It is obvious that a supplier would be looking for an organisation that he can trust for credit payment and in return the organisation will also expect trust worthiness in terms of quality. This is a two way process and therefore the higher the level of trust the better the business. (Holme, Charles, 2008) A model of Business Ethics Leadership relationships Staff relationships External Stakeholder relationship Supplier relationship Customer relationship Competitor relationship Government legislation Lobby groups Institutional responsibility Increased education Power of media Social responsible managers Professional Association Competition International Business with Integrity Economic outcomes Lawful behaviour Better corporate citizens Pay appropriate taxes Environmentally friendly Employees retained Services retained Products acceptable Expectations Perceptions Evaluations Society Expects Society Evaluate Outcomes organisational values, norms and beliefs Reconnection (Svensson, Goran and Wood, Grey 2008) Expectations All of those factors that are listed under expectation are important as it shapes the way in which the society comes to view its corporation. These are the factors societies expect to have in any organisa tion for it to perform better and to satisfy its citizens more efficiently. (Svensson, Goran and Wood, Grey 2008) Social expects Any society in general has expectations of the business and what good it is doing to the general public. Every organisation has to adhere to the needs of the society in order to sustain position in the market. (Svensson, Goran and Wood, Grey 2008) Organisational values, norms and beliefs Organisations are usually affected by the environment in which they operate and therefore culture in any organisation is an important factor to be taken into consideration. Serpa (1985:426) says that it can be called, the social glue holding a company together. Each organisation has been shaped according to its own sets of belief and its a way of interpreting a companys past and future prospects. (Svensson, Goran, and Wood, Grey 2008) Perception This are the ways in which an organisation chooses to interact with the society at large this maybe in terms of ethical behaviour or unethical for what they think about various stakeholders and the attitudes each which has its own effects. Goran Svensson, Grey Wood (2008) Outcome A company that acts or interacts according to society expectations and the way in which it responds and reacts to these pressures produces an outcome. According to Levitt (1958) and Friedman (1962) says that outcome of a company whether it has made a profit or a loss and how it influences its stakeholders through the activities in the market place. However Joyner and Payne, 2002; Spiller, 2000 believe that business exist just to make profits. (Svensson, Goran and Wood, Grey 2008) Evaluations The society uses a number of ways to make the decisions of the organisations performance. These decisions are mainly based on: How company contributes to Corporate Social Responsibility? How they have retained their customers by providing services? Are their products healthy for its citizens to consume? (Svensson, Go ran and Wood, Grey (2008) Society evaluates In a general sense, society hates losses and it praises profits that have been declared by a particular company, and they further investigate the situation although profits are not a guarantee that the organisation acted according to the society interests therefore the society goes a step further through a set of checks and balances to ensure that the profits gained are in an ethical manner? (Svensson, Goran and Wood, Grey (2008) Reconnection Once evaluation criteria have taken place the model again comes back to the beginning because now the expectations will the foundation on which the performance of an organisation can be judged. As time evolves, the perception of individuals may also change to new levels of ethical behaviour. This model in past years may seem to reconnect again but the world has now changed and it has become more revolutionised and therefore the citizens have moved forward and have become more aware of busi ness expectations and behaviours. ? (Svensson, Goran and Wood, Grey (2008) Ways of maintaining ethical standards also referred to as codes of ethics Ethics in the any business is a vital determination of sustainability of the organisation regardless of the industry one is trading its goods or services and no matter how large or small a company is. (www.helium.com) Organisations that fail to have a strong ethical foundation are more likely to find their customer base extremely lowered down and their profit margins to have completely reduced than ever before. (International Federation of Accountant, 2006) .The solution for any company to overcome this problem is by: Creating a credo based company This defines the ethical responsibilities toward its stakeholders and the underlying values of the entire organisation (Scarborough et al., 2009 p.759) example. Johnson and Johnson have credo based values the analysis, design and interpretation of clinical studies and results. (Fisher, Colin and Lovell, Alan, 2006, p.388) Conduct ethical training This is usually carried out by a manager to the rest of its employees. This will enable them to enhance their knowledge on the understanding of what is expected of them. . (Scarborough et al., 2009) Performing periodic ethical audits This will measure the effectiveness and compliancy of the ethical system implemented by examining practises, procedures and policies. (Scarborough et al., 2009) Integrity This a core value of code of ethics which requires adhering to highest standards of behaviour like honesty and impartiality example Carbo Ceramics. Every organisation requires its employees to carry out the work assigned faithfully. (Fisher, Colin and Lovell, Alan, 2006, p.389) Enforcing the codes fairly and consistently The codes of ethics should be the same for everyone in any organisation therefore one should not be more superior than the other leading to unfair treatment. . (Scarborough et al., 2009) No harm and risk management This code of ethics is practised by Johnson and Johnson where there most important responsibility is towards t hose who use their products and services such as doctors, families and nurses. To ensure that their need are met everything they do has to be of high quality. (Fisher, Colin and Lovell, Alan, 2006, p.389) Development of a transparent culture This is very crucial element and if failed to adhere to it the creditability of the organisation can be questioned because secrets can create unhealthy corporate cultures and an open culture leads to honesty and respect among employees. (International Federation of Accountants, 2006) Sources of Morality Sources of morality are the elements which determine the goodness or evilness of an act or the ability to choose between right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable. (Dinah, Payne and Brett, J. L. Landry, 2005) These are the sources of the morality of human acts: Object Is the matter of the human act, the what we do? The object determines the morality of an act. The human act receives its goodness primarily from the morality of the act itself. Intention It refers to the motive of the person in doing an act. No matter how good the intention is, it never makes an intrinsically evil act to become good. Circumstances These are those factors that occur with the act and that contributes to the morality of the act. They cannot change an evil act into a good one but can lessen or heighten the blameworthiness. These three elements helps to evaluate whether the act is evil or good however, intention and circumstances cannot change the morality of intrinsically evil act s examples like stealing from the business, offences against human dignity such as arbitrary imprisonment, slavery, degrading working conditions where men are merely tools for profit. An act always has a good and bad consequence which makes the person evaluate the act using the double effect criteria. It weighs the extent of both the good and bad effects and the act that has the minimum bad effect is over ridden by the act that is more ethically moral which is good hence reducing the evilness of the bad effect. It also means that the good effect should overdo the bad effect in cases when the bad effect cannot be avoided and steps should be taken to reduce the effects of the bad effects. The object of the act should be good in itself or neutral. An example of such a scenario is that it is advisable to bomb the headquarters of an enemy camp in order to end the war even if it requires killing civilians around the headquarters. Another example in a business context is the Johns on and Johnson. In October of 1982, Tylenol, the leading pain-killer medicine in the United States at the time, faced a tremendous crisis when seven people in Chicago were reported dead after taking extra-strength Tylenol capsules. It was reported that an unknown suspect/s put 65 milligrams of deadly cyanide into Tylenol capsules, 10,000 more than what is necessary to kill a human. This was very unethical since it claimed human lives. Investigations showed that this act was done by a third party since it occurred at the time the product was on the shelves but following the guidelines of the company to protect people first and property second so as to maintain reputation. Thus the firm conducted an immediate product recall from the entire U.S.A which amounted to 31 million bottles and a loss of more than US $ 100 million. This act definitely had a great impact on the revenues of the firm. So the double effect criteria if used explains that the good effect of saving more lives a nd maintaining reputation far exceeds the bad effect of losing revenues and incurring the huge losses. Virtue Ethics Virtue ethics helps an individual to have a good life because it requires us to act in a particular way for the good of others and this basically depends on our character, our beliefs and our interests. (Fisher Colin and Lovell, Alan, 2006, p.101) Values are habitual way of acting and they form a character in a person .However, both Kantian Ethics and Utilitarians expect us to ignore our emotions but virtue ethics requires us to use character traits which might be formed through schools or at work place or according to how they have been brought up. The four cardinal virtues which a man should posses are as follows: (Oderberg, David, 1999) Prudence This virtue explains the use of wisdom to decide what is right and think of the correct action to take it also prevents taking wrong actions. Fortitude This virtue enables a person to be strong and hopeful even in adverse cases and not lose out easily. This virtue should be present in managers whose business environments are very competitive and dynamic. Justice This virtue enables a person to be rational and give everyone what they deserve and not limit anyones freedom of right and respect. Temperance This virtue enables a man to keep control and moderate any use of resource which might harm the people or the business if it is not controlled. Other important virtues like honesty, cheerfulness and humility make a person more admirable and respectable for the actions he/she does. There are 6 important pillars of characters in virtues: (Velasquez, 2006, pp.114-115) Citizenship A good citizen will always work for the benefit of the country or to serve their own community so that the world can be a better place to live in. Respect Respect every human so as for you to be treated well in return. Trustworthiness This is indeed an important factor to consider in any person because any business requires its employees to be honest. Caring This means taking care of other people in terms of its feelings, being kind and this is the basis of ethics. Fairness- This means being just and equal to every stakeholder and giving them what they deserve as per their efforts. Responsibility- This means taking liability and accountability of actions and duties that have been granted by a higher authority to implement, control and maintain. One of the most famous writers like Adam Smith wrote the theory of moral sentiments he said that justice and benevolence are the two most important virtues of a modern market society. Some of the virtues that make a market operate efficiently are honesty. Courage is also an important factor as it enables one to take risks and gives the strength to stand on its own even when the days of life are hard. Recognizing hard work and awarding employees so that they are motivated to work extra harder is a virtue that will increase the efficiency and productivity of the employees. (George D. John H. 1993) RIGHTS TO PRIVATE PROPERTY AS A NATURAL RIGHT The whole earth was given to the human race by God to use and enjoy and therefore every man has a natural right to private ownership both for consumer and productive goods. There are two schools of thought in private property ownership namely Capitalism and Socialism. Capitalism suggests that property should be made available to the public and those who can provide the sufficient resources can own it and develop it (George D and John H.1993). Socialism on the other hand suggests that everyone should have an equal chance and thus the property should be solely owned by the government who in turn will provide the required goods and services as per the basic needs. Individualism (Capitalism) allows individuals to own property and use it as a resource to generate more capital which leads to competition and ultimately to common good. (George D and John H.1993) Productivity in the generation of goods and services can only be achieved if there is motive for it. Thus the right t o private property acts as a motive to bring to the market better products which in turn satisfy more wants of persons and increase the standards of living. (George D and John H.1993) Common good can be achieved if there is presence of business ethics among the firms operating in the society. If a firm practises unethical behaviour like polluting the environment, then the society can never achieve common good and such firms should be regulated by a higher authority like the local government. (George D, John H. 1993, p.37) The state is the overall determinant of how resources are allocated and how they are put into use. The state has ministries which control various functions like commerce, land, water, energy, finance and others. All these ministries have a direct impact on the actions of the businesses. Thus the government should make sure there are strict rules and regulations which the firms should follow and that failure to do so should have critical legislative actions. There are various instances when firms engage in unethical activities which may be legal but this shows that the state has loopholes which should be sealed to prevent this behaviour. The state should allow employees to associate and form labour unions and support them so that they can have a higher bargaining power against the employer in terms of working conditions and wages. In past when labour unions in Kenya were highly discouraged, the employees used to suffer a lot that they were unable to bargain against the employer. These days collective bargaining has given workers power to ask for their rights and be given what they deserve. Pursuit of profit in business is a theory that has been in debate since many years and it suggests that employers try to maximise only the profits at the expense of the employees and the other stakeholders like the clients. Employers according to Kantian should provide meaningful work to its employees. The management should fulfil the oblig ations of the contract they have entered with the employee. Certain authorities which have a higher influence in making decisions should not use the power to undermine junior employees especially for implicit elements of work. Employees are the people who make organisations move ahead and their demands should be met if they are within the ability of the firm. Under the universal declaration of human rights, workers have the rights for their demands to be met as long as the employer has the ability and the employee deserves it although the employer cannot take guarantee of it. Firing employees for minor reasons should be strictly discouraged since it is unethical to take away a persons freedom without giving the person room for making any decision. Kenya is a developing country and in developing countries the number of jobs available is less than the total number of unemployed. This gives more power to employers who just give the employees a wage equal to the minimum wage wh ich is very unethical. The management should give employees freedom for expression and not undermine them by not giving them privacy. Certain organisations look into the personal life of an employee even though it does not have any link to the work the employee does. Employees also act unethically by using the freedom for their leisure time like reading newspapers, using internet and telephone for personal use and loitering out of work during working hours without the knowledge of the management. (George D. and John H. 1993) Corporate Social Responsibility Caroll (1979:500) defined CSR as the economical, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectancies that society has of organisations at a given point in time. (Valentine, Sean and Fleischman, Gary, 2008).The benefits that accrue from adopting CSR are: Organisations are usually able to attract and retain their workforce because the values of the business are closely in accordance to those of the individual. CSR encourages loyalty and commitment of employees which is an element of success. (Cacioppe Ron et al., 2008) CSR has the capability to increase a companies financial performance this results were shown in an analysis carried out by Margolis and Walsh (2001). (Cacioppe Ron et al., 2008) An organisation that is looking forward to improve their brand image and reputation has to have good CSR activities due to increased community expectations. The factors that contribute towards CSR are whether its products are child labour free and are the products environmentally friendly. (Cacioppe Ron et al., 2008) Conclusion The biggest concern is that most of the citizens are still not aware and confident or in other words are yet confused with what is ethically acceptable and what is not. For a better understanding of this concept there was a need for addressing on ways of managing business ethics in todays global environment especially if businesses want to preserve the integrity of the organisation which in turn will increase its revenue. If any business does not practise sound business it should be assured of failure, however some businesses still succeed by throwing away its morals and report a higher return than those practising ethics but this might not be advantageous in the long run sooner or later the business will be exposed. In todays evolving world business ethics is becoming a strategic importance for competitive advantage and yet its so difficult to say what is that really right or wrong because what would be unethical would still be legally acceptable. The modern workplace can be an extraordinarily powerful character-building institution which can instil leadership, honesty, responsibility, fortitude, respect and many other values if it is taken seriously. Indeed, in a fast moving, competitive global culture and marketplace, character is a corporations most valuable input and resource which is the determinant of the long term success of a business. At a time when the commitment of many companies to their ethics codes and mission statements is being questioned, several firms make headlines by adhering to the business ethics policy they have and acting promptly to make sure that all interests of all the stakeholders are met in a way.

Beginning with Science Study Sheet Essay - 1734 Words

Beginning with Science 02: Scientific Investigation For this assignment you will do two things: Part I: Evaluate one experimental design. (10 points) Part II: Design your own experiment using the scientific method. (40 points) Review each scenario below, and choose one to complete for your assignment. Each scenario contains specific questions that will ask you to provide examples, explain your suggestions for improvement, and refer to the lesson. Be sure to respond to each question in complete sentences. Part I: Scenarios (select only one) Scenario 1 Christopher and Kate noticed that after a rainstorm some of the rocks in their yard appear to shrink. They wondered how the mass of the rocks changed when dissolved in water. To†¦show more content†¦Once the data is collected, he concludes that the hypothesis is not supported. 1. What are the major flaws in Matthews experimental design? What are the strengths of the experimental design? Explain each in detail using terms from the lesson. 2. This experiment is not able to support Matthews hypothesis. Suggest specific improvements that will allow the experiment to more effectively test the given hypothesis. Explain why these changes are improvements. Part II: Designing an Experiment (select only one) For the second part of your assignment, you will apply the scientific method to a real-life situation. You will select a problem that leads to a testable question, similar to the scenarios presented in Part I and explain how you would follow each step of the scientific method to try and answer the question or solve the problem. Note: you are describing only what you would do at each step; you will not be conducting the experiment. Choose one of the following four problems to design your experiment. Problem 1 Your family has planted a garden. You observe that some of the plants in the garden have teeth marks in them. What is eating the plants? 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Steroids free essay sample

A. Attention Getter #1: An anecdote on Taylor Hooton a high school baseball player. One of his coaches said that he needed to bulk up to be a starting pitcher at the varsity level. He started using steroids and gained 30 pounds of muscle. His family took a vacation to England. Before returning Taylor stole a laptop and a video projector from other hotel guests. His parents grounded him for 2 weeks. He then hung himself. B. Attention-Getter #2: A quote from Stephen Catanese regarding the legalization of steroids and just heavily tax them. C. Context #1 defining the topic: The definition of â€Å"steroids,† â€Å"androgenic,† and â€Å"anabolic steroids,† plus a brief discussion (3-4 sentences) of steroid use in the United States. D. Context #2 describing the controversy: Recent penalties on steroid use in the United States and fans objections for and against steroid penalties. Thesis: While many individuals are convinced that steroids are harmless, the facts indicate that the sports associations should give penalties for steroid usage. II. Supporting Reason #1: Effects of steroid use A. Male side effects are development of breasts, baldness, loss of function of testicles, reduced sperm count, shrinkage of testicles, painful erections, and enlarged prostate. B. Female side effects include growth of facial and body hair, deepened voice, breast reduction, enlarged clitoris, and menstrual irregularities. C. Side effects that are common to both male and female consist of increase in aggressive behavior, mood swings, increase in feelings of hostility, decrease in good cholesterol levels, increase in bad cholesterol levels, nausea, jaundice, headaches, severe acne, heart damage, stunted growth, high blood pressure, liver damage, urinary and bowel problems, aching joints, strokes, blood clots, tendon injury, and swelling of the feet. III. Supporting Reason #2: Penalties in the different sports leagues A. MLB- tests at least twice per year, 600 players get tested three times a year. Players are tested for steroids, related hormones, stimulants, masking agents, and diuretics. First positive test results in a 50 game unpaid suspension, second positive results in a 100 game unpaid suspension and third positive test results in a life-time ban. B. NFL- 12,00 tests are conducted during the season including 10 random players from each team every week of the season. Players can also be randomly selected for testing up to 6 times during the off-season. Every player is tested at least once per year. NFL tests for steroids, related hormones, anti-estrogen agents, stimulants, masking agents, B2-adrenergic agonists, diuretics and oxygen-transfer enhancers like EPO. First offense results in a 4-game unpaid suspension, second offense results in an 8 game unpaid suspension, third offense results in a 12 month unpaid suspension. C. NBA/WNBA- Tests every player at random between 0-4 times per year. Every player is eligible, though not all will be tested in a given season. The NBA and WNBA test for steroids, related hormones, stimulants, masking agents, diuretics, cocaine, opiates, PCP, LSD, and marijuana. First offense results in a 10 game unpaid suspension, second offense results in a 25 game unpaid suspension, third offense results in an unpaid suspension for a season, fourth offense results in a minimum 2 year unpaid suspension. D. NHL- Tests every player at random between 0-3 times per year. Most conducted during the off-days. Only occur during the season, not during the playoffs or offseason. All players are eligible. The NHL tests for steroids, related hormones, B2-adrenergic agonists, anti-estrogen agents, diuretics , EPO, and gene doping. First offense results in a 20 game unpaid suspension, second offense results in a 60 game unpaid suspension, third results in a life-time ban. IV. Supporting Reason #3: Child use of steroids A. Dr. Charles Yesalis estimates that â€Å"at least half a million and probably closer to three fourths million children in this country have used steroids in their lifetime. † Adds Yesalis, â€Å"The teens I’ve talked to say [steroids and HGH] are as easy to get as marijuana. † The Mayo Clinic reports that one tenth of the U. S. steroid users are teens which would put that figure at 300,000. John Romano says, â€Å"Because steroids and HGH have been pushed underground, kids are buying them off the internet. The stuff they are getting is the imported junk from Mexico, the rejected vet crap. B. three percent of high school seniors had tried steroids. 39. 7 percent of twelfth graders reported steroids were easy to obtain. four percent of twelfth graders had tried steroids. All the adult effects of steroid use are magnified in teens. V. Counter-argument #1: The benefits of using steroids A. Men who used steroids and exercised for 10 weeks put on 13 pounds of muscle and could bench an extra 48 pounds. B. Steroids can cause an increase in muscle mass, tissue repair, endurance and fat loss. Someone who is using steroids will find that they experience greatly exaggerated benefits from their workouts. VI. Counter-argument #2: Penalties not stopping steroid use A. Many athletes get tested frequently and they still still use steroids just look at Tyson Gay, Jamaican track team, Ryan Braun, Alex Rodriguez, and Lance Armstrong. B. Ryan Braun’s chances of reaching the Hall of Fame pretty much went out the window when he was suspended for violating MLB’s drug policy. Braun won Most Valuable Player award in 2011 and took it away from Matt Kemp by using steroids. VII. Rebuttal A. The possession of anabolic steroids is punishable by one year in prison and a minimum fine of $1000. Selling is punishable by up to five years in prison and a $250,000 fine. These punishments may be more severe if the violator is not a first-time offender. B. Legalizing steroids would make life easier for the professional sports organizations. A huge part of watching sports is witnessing the very peak of human athletic ability. Steroids would help pitchers to throw harder, homeruns to go further, cyclists to charge for longer and sprinters to test the limits of human speed. Also save the bureaucratic trouble and possible embarrassment that accompanies disputed tests like Ryan Braun’s last December. VIII. Conclusion: An anecdote on Rob Garibaldi, was 5 foot 9 inches and 130 pounds and was a high school baseball player. He had coaches calling to offer scholarships to him but they said Rob was lacking one tool: size, experts told him he needed to get up to 185 pounds by his senior year. By his graduation from high school he grew to 5 foot 11 inches and 165 pounds. That summer he tried his first cycle of steroids. Rob had hallucinations and became paranoid. When he was twenty-four he was sitting in his car and shot and killed himself.